One of the big things that Paul grapples with is the cult of the circumcision. Those were early Christians and Jews who preaches that Gentiles must undergo circumcision in order to truly be welcomed into the house of Israel
Rom 13
Phil 3
Isaiah 9, conversely, prophesies that a day is coming where physical circumcision will be judged, as it doesn’t reflect the heart.
²⁵ “The days are coming,” declares the LORD, “when I will punish all who are circumcised only in the flesh— ²⁶ Egypt, Judah, Edom, Ammon, Moab and all who live in the wilderness in distant places. For all these nations are really uncircumcised, and even the whole house of Israel is uncircumcised in heart.”
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